دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی نشاسته به همراه ترجمه فارسی
عنوان فارسی مقاله: | نشاسته |
عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: | Starch |
رشته های مرتبط: | صنایع غذایی، علوم مواد غذایی، زیست فناوری مواد غذایی |
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کیفیت ترجمه | کیفیت ترجمه این مقاله پایین میباشد |
توضیحات | ترجمه صفحات پایانی موجود نیست |
نشریه | Ullmanns |
کد محصول | F85 |
مقاله انگلیسی رایگان |
دانلود رایگان مقاله انگلیسی |
ترجمه فارسی رایگان |
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جستجوی ترجمه مقالات | جستجوی ترجمه مقالات صنایع غذایی |
بخشی از ترجمه فارسی:
1-مقدمه 3-تولید نشاسته در جهان |
بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:
1. Introduction Starch [9005-25-8] is widely used in nonfood industrial applications, especially in the production of paper and paperboard products, as a textile sizing agent, and in fermentation processes to produce ethanol and other products, and in the processed food industry as a thickener/stabilizer, gelling agent, and a starting material for the production of sweeteners and polyols. It is also the principal source of dietary calories for the world’s human population. The chemistry and technology of starch has been reviewed in several books [1–7]. Native starch occurs as discrete particles called granules. A starch from a specific biological (plant) source is unique among starches, i.e., starch granules from the various plant sources differ in appearance, particle size distribution, fine structure of the constituent polymer molecules, and physical properties. Most applications of starch are realized only after the starch is Article with Color Figures DOI: 10.1002/14356007.a25_001.pub4 Downloaded from http://www.elearnica.ir heated (cooked) in the presence of water, a process that destroys its granular structure and releases its constituent polymer molecules. Granular starch is generally composed of two types of molecules, amylose and amylopectin (Chap. 4). Amylose [9005-82-7] is a predominantly linear (1,4)-a-D-glucan (Fig. 1), although some amylose molecules are slightly branched. Amylopectin [9037-22-3] (Fig. 2) has a branchon-branch structure consisting of mostly short chains of (1,4)-linked a-D-glucopyranosyl units (sometimes referred to as anhydroglucose units) linked to other short, linear chains via a-(1,6) branch points. The amylopectin fraction is composed of much larger molecules than those of amylose. Most normal starches contain 70–75% amylopectin molecules by weight. Different molecular structures and sizes, amylose/amylopectin ratios, and granular architectures give each type of starch its unique properties. 2. Sources of Commercial Starches Major crops used for starch production include corn (maize), cassava, potato, and wheat. Corn used to produce starch includes hybridized genetic variants of corn (Chap. 4). Lesser amounts of starch are isolated industrially from arrowroot, mung bean, rice, sago palm, sweet potato, yam, yellow pea, and other plants. 3. Worldwide Starch Production In 2006, it was reported that 99% of the global starch production of ca. 60106 t originated from crops of corn/maize, cassava/tapioca, wheat and potatoes, with 73% being maize starch, 14% tapioca starch, 8.1% wheat starch, and 3.7% potato starch [8]. Starch is predominantly produced in the USA, the EU, Japan, and Thailand. The largest commercial starch producers worldwide are Cargill (9.2106 t, 14.6%), CPI (5.2106 t, 8.2%), ADM (5.2106 t, 8.2%), National Starch and Chemical Co. (1.2106 t, 1.9%), and Avebe (0.6106 t, 1.0%). Approximately 33.6106 t (53.1%) of starch is produced by small to medium-sized companies. 3.1. Starch Production and Consumption in the EU The starch industry in Western Europe is comprised of 24 different companies with 68 plants, which in 2005, produced 9.6106 t of starch distributed as follows: 46% corn/maize starch (4.4106 t), 36% wheat starch (3.4106 t), and 18% potato starch (1.7106 t) [8]. Production of starch from yellow pea has also been instituted. Figure 1. A three-glucosyl unit segment of an unbranched (i.e., linear) portion of an amylose or amylopectin molecule Figure 2. A representation of amylopectin molecules showing crystalline packing of double-helical pairs of branch chains (Reprinted with permission from A. Imberty, A. Buleon, V. Tran, S. Perez, Starch/Starke € 43 (1991) 375.) 114 Starch Vol. 34 In 2005, 9.0106 t of starch products were consumed in the EU for production of starch hydrolysates, including high-fructose syrups (5.1106 t, 57%), native starches (2.1106 t, 23%), and modified starches (1.8106 t, 20%). Approx. 57% of the 9.0106 t was used in the processed food industry and 43% in the nonfood sector. The breakdown by application areas/market sectors was as follows: sweets and drinks (confectionary, beverages, fruit processing) 30%, processed food (convenience food, bakery, food ingredients and food preparations, dairy products and ice cream) 27%, paper and corrugated board manufacture 28%, chemical, fermentation, and other industrial products 14% (Chap. 10). |