دانلود ترجمه مقاله خسارت بر رشد کاهو کشت شده در خاک معدنی اصلاح شده با سرکوب Meloidogyne hapla – نشریه NCBI

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• بخشی از ترجمه:

Meloidogyne hapla موجب آسیب شدید به کاهوی کشت شده بر روی خاک های لومی رسی سیلتی تحت شرایط میکروپلات شد. این نماتد هم چنین موجب وارد شدن آسیب شدید بر روی کاهوی کشت شده در حاک های آلی شد(Chen et al., 1996; Viaene and Abawi, 1996, 1998). در مطالعه قبلی، B. thuringiensis, S. costaricanus, P. marquandii, و اصلاح کننده خاکی شامل کاه گندم، کیتین یا کامپوست کارخانه ابجو سازی موجب کاهش شدت گال زایی، کاهش تولید مثل M. hapla, و افزایش عملکرد کاهو در خاک الی شد. با این حال، هیچ گونه اثر متقابل بین ارگانیسم شاهد و اصلاح کننده خاکی دیده نشد.
در این مطالعه، افزایش ارگانیسم های کنترل کننده نماتذ به خاک معدنی اصلاح شده با کیتین موجب مهار M. hapla و یا افزایش عملکرد کاهو در مقایسه با تیمار کیتین نشد.
مطالعات دیگر نشان داده اند که ترکیب ارگانیسم های کنترل بیولوژیگ و کیتین موجب ایجاد اثرات افزایشی یا سینرژیک یا هم افزایی نشد. زنده مانی P. lilacinus در خاک اصلاح شده با کیتین ذخیره شده در دمای ۲۵ درجه در مقایسه با بقای آن در گندم، گرانول یا پلت پایین بود( کبالانیس و همکاران ۱۹۸۹).
تیمار بذر های با دو آنتاگونیست و افزایش کیتین به خاک با انتاگونیست اثر معنی داری بر کنترل پژومردگی خیار نداشت. اکتینومیست ها، میکروارگانیسم های تولید کننده کیتیناز و فعالیت گیتیناز به طور قابل ملاحظه ای با افزایش کیتین در خاک تحریک شد در حالی که جمعیت باکتری تغییر زیادی نکرد و قارچ های خاکی مهار نشدند. پیشنهاد شده است که فعالیت مایکولیتیک و تولید توکسین در اثر انتخابی اصلاح کننده کیتین در مهار گونه های سودمند تکثیر شد.

• بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

Meloidogyne hapla can be a serious problem in the commercial production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and other vegetables in New York. There is a need to develop alternatives to chemical nematicides for managing this nematode (Viaene and Abawi, 1996). Biological control options, including the use of nematode-antagonistic bacteria and fungi, soil amendment with various materials including chitin, or the incorporation of certain green manure crops, may hold potential. A cover crop of sudangrass, incorporated as a green manure, suppressed M. hapla and the damage it caused on lettuce in organic soil (Viaene and Abawi, 1998). Hirsutella rhossiliensis and Verticillium chlamydosporium have been reported as parasites of nematode juveniles and eggs, respectively (Bourne et al., 1994; Jaffee et al., 1991; Viaene and Abawi, in press). Recently, soil application of Bacillus thuringiensis, Paecilomyces marquandii, and Streptomyces costaricanus, either in combination with chitin amendment or without soil amendment, was effective against M. hapla in organic soil with bulk density of 0.59 g/cm3 , soil organic content of ca. 80%, and pH of 4.7 (Chen et al., in press). The objective of this work was to examine the suppression of M. hapla in mineral soil amended with chitin in the presence or absence of one or a combination of the following organisms: B. thuringiensis, H. rhossiliensis, P. marquandii, S. costaricanus, and V. chlamydosporium. Sudangrass and rapeseed grown as cover crops and incorporated as green manure were also included for comparison. Materials and Methods Preparation of biocontrol agents: Hirsutella rhossiliensis (IMI 265748) was provided by B. A. Jaffee. Cultures of the fungus were maintained on a half-strength potato dextrose agar (1/2 PDA) at 24 °C for 3 weeks to allow adequate sporulation. Vegetative colonies of H. rhossiliensis were prepared as described by Lackey et al. (1992). About ۳۰۰,۰۰۰ spores of H. rhossiliensis were added to 500 ml PDB and incubated at room temperature on a rotary shaker at 150 rpm for 10 days. Hyphal plugs formed in the broth were homogenized in a blender for 5 seconds and centrifuged for 5 minutes. The pellets were resuspended in distilled water and mixed well into soil to a 15-cm depth at a rate of 50 ml/plant. Verticillium chlamydosporium (CMI cc334168) was obtained from B. R. Kerry. The fungus was grown on corn meal agar (CMA) at 24 °C for 2 weeks and then transferred to 250 ml flasks containing Czapek Dox broth (CDB). The flasks were agitated on a shaking platform at room temperature for 7 days. Conidia were collected in aqueous suspension and counted in a haemocytometer. Soil was infested with V. chlamydosporium at a rate of 6,000 conidia/cm3 soil. The culture and application of B. thuringiensis (CR371) and its rifampicin-resistant mutant (rif+ ), S. costaricanus (CR43), and P. marquandii (SS-2) to soil were the same as previously reported (Chen et al., in press; Dicklow et al., 1993; Marban-Mendoza et al., 1992; Zuckerman et al., 1993). Each of them was applied as a drench and then mixed well into soil to 15-cm depth at a rate of 50 ml/ plant. Field microplots: Fiberglass field microplots (122 cm diam.) (Crosier and Abawi, 1985) containing a Lakemont silty clay loam soil (40% silt, 33% clay, 27% sand, 4.2% organic matter, pH 7.2) were established in 1995 and 1996. Chitin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) was incorporated into the soil of appropriate microplots at a rate of 1 g/liter soil around the middle of June. Three weeks later, microplot soils were infested with M. hapla (ca. 4 eggs/cm3 soil), which was produced on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cv. Rutgers grown in pasteurized soil in the greenhouse and extracted with a modified sodium hypochlorite method (Hussey and Barker, 1973). The soil of the appropriate microplots was then infested with the biocontrol organisms 3 days after infestation. Seven young seedlings of lettuce cv. Montello were transplanted into each microplot 3 to 5 days after addition of biocontrol agents. Lettuce was harvested and the data collected 7 weeks after transplanting. Total and marketable weight of lettuce, root-galling severity, and nematode egg production were recorded at harvest.