دانلود ترجمه مقاله بهبود امنیت غذایی با باغچه های جوامع جنگل زراعی

فهرست مطالب:

چکیده
۱ مقدمه
۱ ۱ امنیت غذایی در نیمه شمالگان
۱ ۲ کشاورزی نیمه شمالگان
۱ ۳ آگروفارستری
۱ ۴ اهداف مطالعه
۲ روش ها
۲ ۱مطالعه موردی: فیرست نیشن آلبانی
۲ ۲ طرح آگروفارستری
۲ ۳آنتخاب محل آگروفارستری
۲ ۴ ترکیب گونه های گیاهی
۲ ۵ طرح نمونه برداری خاک
۲ ۶ روش های جمع اوری نمونه های خاک
۲ ۷ آنالیز های خاکی
۲ ۸ انالیز داده ها
۳ نتایج
۳ ۱ ترکیب گونه ای
۳ ۲ تولید بالقوه ی باغچه ها
۴ بحث
۴ ۱ ترکیب گونه ای
۴ ۲ تولید بالقوه ی باغچه
۴ ۲ ۱ بافت خاک
۴ ۲ ۲ حاصلخیزی خاک(N, P, K, Mg, pH )
۵ نتایج
۵ ۱ توصیه هایی برای باغچه های جوامع آگروفارستری در آلبانی
۵ ۲ اجرایی بودن AFCGs در دیگر جوامع شمالی

بخشی از ترجمه:

اجرایی بودن AFCGs در دیگر جوامع شمالی
توصیه های مدیریت پوشش گیاهی و خاک منطقه مورد مطالعه به طور مستقیم به دیگ مناطق فیزست نیشن به خصوص مناطق بدون تاریخچه مدیریت قابل اعمال است. در این مناطق دهه ها شخم و تبدیل ارضی موجب تهی شدن عناصر مغذی خاک شده است. با این حال اسپیگلر و سوجی گزارش دادند که منطقه البانی با حاصلخیزی متوسط و بافت خوب برای تولید همراه با شخم و زهکشی مناسب است/. از این رو اجرای AFCGs ها در مناطق سالم شمالگان عملی بوده و می توان انتظار داشت که با گرمایش جهانی عملی تر هم شود.
مناطق محلی جنگل های شمالگان را می توان برای استفاده از درختان موجود در AFCGs، حفظ ارتجاع طبیعی و سازش بهره بردار ی کرد. طرح اکروفارستری و گونه های درختی در جوامع شمالی بستکی به نیاز های منطقه بر اساس میکرو کلیمای محلی، شرایط خاک، عوامل فرهنگی و اجتماعی اقتصادی علاو بر خدمات حیات وحش و ترسیب کربن دارد. با بیش از 500 گونه بید در سراسر جهان به خصوص در مناطق معتدله و حاره، استفاده از بید در دیگر جوامع توصیه می شود. این واریته های بید با طیف وسیعی از اقلیم ها و مکان ها سازکار می باشند و توسط قلمه قادر به تکثیر بوده و دارای سرعت رشد بالایی می باشند.
در نهایت این که، معرفی بزرگ مقیاس سیستم های اکروفارستری با گونه های بومی و سنتی در فیسرت نیشن می توان وابستکی به واردات نفتی را به حداقل رساند. AFCGs ها مطابق با استاندارد های امنیت غذایی می باشند و به امنیت غذایی کمک می کنند. روش های مناسب کشت در سیستم های بومی سنتی، حفظ روش های قبلی و کلاسیک و ازادی جوامع نیز بستکی به تولید کننده ها و توزیع کننده های غذاهای ایمن دارد.

بخشی از مقاله انگلیسی:

1. Introduction 1.1. Food Security in Sub-Arctic First Nations The Euro-Canadian Roman Catholic Mission developed agrarian settlements in remote First Nations of Northern Canada in the early 20th century [Vezina, unpublished manuscript, Historical Notes on the Village of Attawapiskat, Roman Catholic Church: Attawapiskat, Ontario], forcing nomadic indigenous peoples to settle and displacing traditional aboriginal ways of acquiring food [1,2]. In a previous study [2], Spiegelaar and Tsuji discuss extensively pre- and post- settlement socio-ecological and cultural conditions in remote First Nations communities. The Mission was somewhat successful in producing diverse foods within a challenging environment and short growing season, but their departure and subsequent closing of residential schools in the late 20th century ended local agricultural production and left remote First Nations dependent on an unreliable, import-based food system [2]. Modern food systems in these remote First Nations often lack nutritional quality [3–6], bear high transportation costs, and perpetuate the loss of traditional Aboriginal food systems and associated knowledge [7], ultimately impacting individual and community health [8]. This import-based system is also extremely resource-intensive, while it simultaneously perpetuates reliance on the unstable fossil-fuel industry and global food economy [9,10]. Modern First Nation food systems, therefore, prevent these vulnerable populations from becoming food secure [8]. Food Security can be defined as follows: the ―access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life…[including] the ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, and an assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways‖ [11]. 1.2. Subarctic Agriculture A re-introduction of local agriculture to augment traditional Aboriginal foods in northern communities has been suggested as a means to partially substitute imports, enhance food freshness, variety and nutrition, increase local control over food availability, and ultimately, increase food security [2]. While productivity in northern ecosystems is relatively limited, the capacity for food production in subarctic and arctic zones continues to increase with a warming climate; researchers predict an increase in the length of the growing season, enhanced plant growth rates, and greater soil nutrient availability in the north, and in turn, more hospitable conditions for growing a greater variety of edible plants [12]. Although increased productivity will subsequently increase carbon sequestration in biomass of high-latitude systems, the net effect will be a positive feedback towards warming due to significant levels of carbon release from permafrost thawing in the north [12,13]. While promising for northern food production, these rapid climatic and ecological changes are threatening wildlife and traditional ecological resources in these regions [14,15]. Wide-scale spread of conventional agriculture to the north could perpetuate the climate change problem. Modern agricultural methods release large amounts of CO2 and N2O through heavy use of industrial machinery and chemical fertilizers [16]; they also require extensive forest clearing followed by intensive land management, resulting in losses of carbon stores from both above-ground biomass and soil organic carbon [17]. Conventional agriculture has also been associated with short-term returns and long-term land degradation. Strategies used in this modern farming practice focus on increasing yield Sustainability 2013, 5 4059 through high use of pesticides and herbicides, and are dependent on expensive, resource-intensive technology [9,17]. Throughout North America, conventional agriculture has resulted in vast displacement of native biodiversity, land degradation and pollution of land and water [17,18]. Our previous study [2] on food security in the remote First Nation of Fort Albany, located in the James Bay Lowlands of subarctic Ontario, explored the successes, failures and long-term impacts of the Roman Catholic Mission’s agricultural program (1940–1970) on the local land and food system. In sum, a somewhat reliable food source was developed, but land cultivation introduced invasive species and resulted in significant soil quality loss, while the program aggressively displaced the traditional aboriginal harvest [2]. The agrarian program left with the Mission in the 1970s, when the residential school closed. As a result, First Nation people became more dependent on unhealthy store imports because neither the agrarian settlement nor the fragments of a nomadic indigenous tradition could support them. In a region with limited arable land that is vulnerable to rapid climatic, ecological and social change, conventional agricultural and food assistance programs are short-term solutions that ultimately degrade community culture and land resources. Yet, as First Nation populations continue to increase at a rate greater than the general Canadian population [19], and climate change provides more hospitable temperatures for northern crop production [12], import-substitution strategies other than conventional agriculture need to be explored. 1.3. Agroforestry Agroforestry is an alternative land-use system to conventional agriculture that has been utilized as a socioeconomically and ecologically sustainable means to establish long-term food security in impoverished areas, mainly within the sub-tropic and tropic regions [20,21]. Simply, it is a relatively recent term for an ancient practice of agriculture, which by definition, is a land-use system that combines woody perennials (e.g., trees, shrubs) with crops in spatial and temporal arrangements that optimize beneficial biological interactions and economic outputs [17,18]. In contrast to conventional agriculture, the use of multiple components and multiple species in agroforestry systems maintains ecological diversity [17]. Agroforestry systems in the tropics, sub-tropics and temperate regions (e.g., China) have played a substantial role in enhancing food security, as low input systems with diverse and complementary food products [17,22–24]. The reduced mechanical intervention allows for maintenance of soil integrity and more closed nutrient-cycling [18], subsequently, reducing the need for expensive and ecologically-damaging chemical inputs [25] and the emissions of N2O and CO2 [16]. As potential carbon sinks, northern agroforestry systems may act as an adaptive response to climate change in contrast to conventional agriculture, in both mitigating carbon dioxide and adapting to anticipated ecological changes [25,26].